A Practical Speed Loss Prediction Model at Arbitrary Wave Heading for Ship Voyage Optimization

Abstract This paper proposes a semi-empirical model to predict ship’s speed loss at arbitrary wave heading. In the model, formulas that estimate added resistance due waves attacking from different heading angles have been further developed. A correction factor is proposed consider nonlinear effect large in power estimation. The are developed and verified by tests of 5 ships regular with various angles. full-scale measurements three types ships, i.e., PCTC, container ship, chemical tanker, used validate for prediction irregular waves. improved on voyage optimization also investigated. results indicate solutions can be significantly affected accuracy caused